ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT American bollworm (ABW), Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is considered as a major pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, all over the globe. Due to its destructive feeding nature and continuous consumption of the same chemicals, it devolved resistant against many insecticides. Therefore, a combined application of bio- and synthetic-pesticide need to evaluate against this pest. The entomopathogenic viruses like nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a member of baculoviruses, can be the potential candidates for better control against ABW. The present study was conducted to assess the comparative efficacy of NPV and Spinosad 240SC (with the concentration of 250 mL · ha-1) against ABW in the controlled environment. The ABW was treated with different concentrations of NPV and Spinosad separately and in a combination of NPV with 0.1% Spinosad. The results revealed that highest concentrations showed highest mortality (95%) followed by 95%, 92%, 84%, 82% and 78% mortality at 1 × 109, 1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105 POBs, respectively. Spinosad when mixed in diet give 100% mortality at 0.8% followed by 50.87%, 42.10%, 29.82%, 26.31% and 22.80% mortality at 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 0.025% respectively. The results of this study revealed that microbial control of ABW through NPV is an effective tool. The repeated use of synthetic pesticides caused the resurgence of many insect pests, and this study results would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations for the management of many major insect pests.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Correlation of age with central corneal thickness [CCT] and corneal endothelial cell density [ECD] in Pakistani population
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology Rawalpindi from Apr 2016 to Oct 2016
Material and Methods: CCT and ECD was measured in 330 eyes of 165 patients, aged between 21-70 years of age. Patients were further divided into five age groups. Three readings were taken for each eye, and mean of three readings was used for the analysis. Pearson correlation was calculated between CCT, ECD and age
Results: A total of 330 eyes of 165 patients were studied. Out of study population, 81 [49.09 percent] were males and 84 [50.90 percent] were females. Mean ECD [cell/mm2] was 3063.85 +/- 234.65 cells/mm2 and 256.42 +/- 475.06 cells/mm2 in patients aged 21-30 years, and 61-70 years respectively. Mean CCT [micrometer] was 544 +/- 18 micrometer and 528 +/-21 micrometer in patients aged 21-30 years, and 61-70 years respectively. A statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between age and corneal ECD [r=?0.718, p<0.01] and age and CCT [r=?0.230, p<0.01]
Conclusion: Both CCT and corneal ECD decrease significantly with age in Pakistani population, with statistically more decrease in ECD with age, than CCT
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the correlation between mean central corneal thickness taken with Galilei dual Scheimpflug Analyzer and Applanation Ultrasound Pachymetry
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology Rawalpindi, from Jul 2013 to Jan 2014
Material and Methods: Central corneal thickness was measured in 100 eyes of 50 patients. First three readings were taken with Galilei dual Scheimpflug analyzer, with a gap of 1 minute. Then three readings were taken with ultrasound pachymetry after applying topical 0.5% proparacaine [Alcain]. The mean of the three readings was used for the analysis
Results: For right eye the mean central corneal thickness measured by the Galilei dual Scheimpflug analyzer and Ultrasound pachymetry was 544.06?m +/- 27.36 and 546.88?m +/- 27.71 respectively, and for left eye it was 544.72?m +/- 25.47 and 546.52?m +/- 26.15 respectively. There was a strong and positive correlation between the two instruments [r=0.969, p=0.000 for right eye and r=0.956, p=0.000 for left eye]
Conclusions: The pachymetry readings with GSA showed strong and positive correlation with those of US pachymetry. So GSA may be considered as an alternative to US Pachymetry, thus avoiding operator-dependent errors, patient discomfort and other disadvantages